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Donald Rumsfeld on the "unknown unknowns"

 

There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know.

There are known unknowns. That is to say, 

there are things that we know we don't know.

But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know.

 

Donald Rumsfeld 拉姆斯菲爾德 (前美國國防部長)

 

2002年,美國以伊拉克政府擁有大殺傷力武器,並支援恐怖份子為由,打算開戰。同年2月12日,時任國防部部長拉姆斯菲爾德被問及有關的證據時,他解釋:

 

據我們所知,有『已知的已知』,有些事,我們知道我們知道;

我們也知道,有 『已知的未知』,也就是說,有些事,我們現在知道我們不知道。

但是,同樣存在『不知的不知』——有些事,我們不知道我們不知道。

 

「不知的不知」,聽起來玄而又玄,讓我們從 the known ── 即是已知的東西說起吧!

 

known 已知的/為人所知的 

(adjective 形容詞)

 

例子:These people are known criminals.

 

make sth known to sth/sbd 公開表明對…的… 

(phrasal verb 片語動詞)

 

例子:Local residents have made known their objections to the proposals.(本地居民已公開表明反對這些建議。)

 

make oneself known 表明身份

(idiom 慣用語)

 

例子:Just go to the hotel reception and make yourself known.